Grammar Girl here.
Today's topic is how to use the word however in a sentence. It's probably more complicated than you think it is.
Can You Start a Sentence with the Word However?
The question I get asked most frequently about however is whether it is OK to use however at the beginning of a sentence, and the answer is yes: it is fine to use however at the beginning of a sentence; you just need to know when to use a comma.
Correct Comma Usage
The comma is important because however is a conjunctive adverb that can be used in two different ways: it can be a conjunction that joins main clauses, or it can be an adverb that modifies a clause.
If you use however at the beginning of a sentence and don't insert a comma, however means “in whatever manner” or “to whatever extent.”
For instance, in 1674 Nicolas Boileau wrote, “However big the fool, there is always a bigger fool to admire him,” and in 1860 Ivan Turgenev wrote, “However much you knock at nature's door, she will never answer you in comprehensible words.” In both of those sentences, however isn't playing a role as a conjunction. It's not joining anything to anything else. I don't think anyone has ever disputed starting a sentence with however when it is used this way.
On the other hand, the esteemed grammarians Strunk and White did say in their book, The Elements of Style, that you shouldn't start a sentence with however when you mean “nevertheless.” Most of the time people stick with Strunk and White, but this is one rare instance where the majority of modern writers have decided that the classic advice is unreasonable (1, 2, 3, 4, 5).
Here's why: when you put a comma after however at the beginning of a sentence, everyone knows it means “nevertheless.” There's no reason to outlaw a perfectly reasonable use of the word when you can solve the problem with a comma! Some writers have even gone so far as to say it is preferable to start sentences with however instead of burying the word in the middle of a sentence, because putting it at the beginning makes the connection between sentences more clear and therefore makes the text easier to scan (6).
Here are some examples of sentences from famous works that start with however when the writer means “nevertheless”:
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Robert Pirsig wrote this in the introduction to the book Zen and The Art of Motorcycle Maintenance: “What follows is based on actual occurrences. However, it should in no way be associated with that great body of factual information relating to orthodox Zen Buddhist practice.”
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Charles Dickens wrote this in Nicholas Nickleby: “It is a great deal easier to go down hill than up. However, they kept on, with unabated perseverance.”
When to Avoid Starting a Sentence with However
As an aside, it's also acceptable to start a sentence with coordinating conjunctions like and, but, and so. It's a somewhat informal style, and it's a good idea not to overdo it in business writing, but it's not wrong (7, 8, 9).
And let me add a bit more about business writing: Despite the fact that it's not wrong to start a sentence with however, a lot of people think it's wrong; so I wouldn't advise doing it in a really important situation where you don't know the people you are writing for and you won't get a chance to defend yourself. For example, I wouldn't start a sentence with however in a cover letter for a job. I'd rather be hired than be right.
How to Use Semicolons with However
If you want to avoid starting a sentence with however, it's not hard to do—just grab a semicolon and use it to connect your two main clauses. What I mean is that instead of putting a period at the end of the sentence before the however, put a semicolon there instead. For example, Dickens wrote, “It's a great deal easier to go down hill than up. However, they kept on,” but he just as easily could have put a semicolon in place of the period and written, “It's a great deal easier to go down hill than up; however, they kept on.”
How to Use However in the Middle of a Sentence
You can also bury a however that means “nevertheless” in the middle of your sentence. You might do this to avoid using it at the beginning when you are insecure about your audience or you might do it because it makes sense with the rhythm of your sentence.
For example, Dickens buried the however in this sentence from Nicholas Nickelby: “Love, however, is very materially assisted by a warm and active imagination.”
When you put however in the middle of a sentence like this, it should be surrounded by commas.
Here's another example: in Breakfast of Champions, Kurt Vonnegut wrote, “The chief weapon of sea pirates, however, was their capacity to astonish. Nobody else could believe, until it was too late, how heartless and greedy they were.” www.quotationspage.com/quote/35408.html
Again, put a comma before and after however when you use it in the middle of a sentence this way. This is one area where people get confused because sometimes you need a semicolon before however in the middle of a long sentence and sometimes you need a comma before however in the middle of a long sentence. Just remember that you only use the semicolon when you are joining two main clauses and the however just happens to be in the way shouting “nevertheless.” As I said in the episode on semicolons, think of a semicolon as a sentence splicer—it splices together two main clauses.
So remember, don't let anyone tell you that it's wrong to start a sentence with however. On the other hand, it might be a good idea to avoid the practice if you're applying for a job since a lot of people mistakenly believe that it is wrong. Mind your commas and semicolons, and don't use any punctuation after however when you use it to mean “in whatever manner” or “to whatever extent.”
That's all.
This week Modern Manners and Legal Lad did a special joint episode about how to handle problems with your neighbors. If you've ever wondered how to politely tell your neighbors to trim their tree--and sue their pants off if they refuse--this is a show for you.
My e-mail address is feedback@quickanddirtytips.com. Thanks for listening.
References
- however. Dictionary.com. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language. Fourth Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2004. dictionary.reference.com/browse/however (accessed: May 26, 2007).
- Aaron, J. The Little, Brown Essential Handbook. New York: Pearson Education, 2006, p. 71, p. 231.
- Scharton, M. and Neuleib, J. Things Your Grammar Never Told You. Second edition. New York: Pearson Education, 2001, p. 77.
- Spina, G. The Mountain Man's Field Guide to Grammar. Naperville: Sourcebooks, 2006, p.221.
- Hacker, D. “However at the beginning of a sentence.” The Language Debates. www.dianahacker.com/rules/subpages_language/however.html (accessed May 26, 2007).
- Henning, K. “Writing for Readers Who Scan.” The Click Z Network. February 6, 2001. www.clickz.com/showPage.html?page=836621 (accessed May 26,2007).
- Stilman, A. Grammatically Correct. Cincinnati: Writer's Digest Books, 2004, p. 262.
- Lutz, G. and Stevenson, D. Grammar Desk Reference. Cincinnati: Writer's Digest Books, 2005, p.42.
- Nordquist, R. "'But'--It's a Wonderful Word." About.com Grammar and Composition. August 4, 2008. http://is.gd/1nTG (accessed August 10, 2008).
Diversions
LitQuotes
Script Frenzy “Script Frenzy is an international writing event in which participants attempt the creatively daring feat of writing an original, full-length screenplay—or stage play—in a single month.”
Web Bonus: Extra Examples
However (“to whatever extent” or “in whatever manner”) starting a sentence
Let them be. Let them lie unspoken of, in his breast. However distinctly or indistinctly he entertained these thoughts, he arrived at the conclusion, Let them be. Among the mighty store of wonderful chains that are for ever forging, day and night, in the vast iron-works of time and circumstance, there was one chain forged in the moment of that small conclusion, riveted to the foundations of heaven and earth, and gifted with invincible force to hold and drag. Charles Dickens, The Mystery of Edwin Drood.
However (“nevertheless”) starting a sentence
However, never daunted, I will cope with adversity in my traditional manner ... sulking and nausea.
Tom K. Ryan (Creator of the Tumbleweeds comic strip)
However (“to whatever extent” or “in whatever manner”) in the middle of a sentence
I have learned never to ridicule any man's opinion, however strange it may seem. Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, The Captain of the Polestar.
If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer. Let him step to the music which he hears, however measured or far away. Henry David Thoreau, Walden.
How often have I said to you that when you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable, must be the truth? Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, (Sherlock Holmes) The Sign of Four.
A bear, however hard he tries, grows tubby without exercise. Pooh's Little Instruction Book, inspired by A. A. Milne.
Every author, however modest, keeps a most outrageous vanity chained like a madman in the padded cell of his breast. Logan Pearsall Smith.
The moment a man sets his thoughts down on paper, however secretly, he is in a sense writing for publication. Raymond Chandler.
However (“nevertheless”) in the middle of a sentence with commas
There are, it has been said, two types of people in the world. There are those who, when presented with a glass that is exactly half full, say: this glass is half full. And then there are those who say: this glass is half empty. The world belongs, however, to those who can look at the glass and say: What's up with this glass? Excuse me? Excuse me? This is my glass? I don't think so. My glass was full! And it was a bigger glass! Terry Pratchett, The Truth.
